The Relational and Territorial Politics of Bordering, Identities, and Transnationalization

Team Leaders

• Professor Anssi Paasi, Director, Policing Global Flows Team Leader, Department of Geography, University of Oulu.
• Professor Jouni Häkli, Vice-Director, Spatial Socialization/Subjectification Team Leader, School of Management, University of Tampere.
• Professor Sami Moisio, Changing State Spaces Team leader, Department of Geography, University of Oulu.
• Professor Jarkko Saarinen, Border Crossings Team Leader, Department of Geography, University of Oulu.

Complete Research Staff  (September 2013)

Principal investigators:

Anssi Paasi
Jouni Häkli
Sami Moisio
Jarkko Saarinen

Post doc researchers:

Oliver Belcher (2014)
Pia Bäcklund
Kirsi Pauliina Kallio
Anna-Kaisa Kuusisto-Arponen
Juho Luukkonen
Lauren Martin
Eeva-Kaisa Prokkola
Juha Ridanpää
Kaj Zimmerbauer

PhD students:

Jonathan Burrow
Fredriika Jakola
Sami Lind
Lenao Monkgogi
Eeva Rinne
Elina Stenvall
Joni Vainikka
Kristiina Vihmalo

Purpose of the Center of Excellence

The RELATE Center of Excellence  brings together human geographers from the Universities of Oulu and Tampere to study theoretical and empirical themes related to contemporary bordering practices and forms of political agency.

Our CoE's primary objective is to investigate and conceptualize the simultaneous, “chiasmatic” existence of “territorial” and “relational” processes. We argue that what has been neglected in research is how the two are constituted by and constitutive of “boundedness” and borders, and how we should understand borders under such conditions: how does the process of (re-)bordering occur and becomes materialized in the institutionalization of territorial and relational/ supraterritorial spatial configurations. The constitutive powers of borders and identities have become increasingly complex and multi-scalar and it is therefore crucial to move beyond the territorial/relational dichotomy to make sense of this complexity. Through both drawing from and developing further recent socio-spatial theorizing on borders, our central goal is to contribute to the pivotal social scientific issues of contemporary world: globalization, global governance and the transformation of borders.

Our objective is to develop novel conceptual and empirical approaches to study the practices of bordering. The key lesson of relational approaches to border studies is that ‘boundedness’ should be seen primarily as a contextual-empirical rather than an ontological issue, and this lesson is critical when moving beyond the territorial-relational dualism that characterizes current theorization. Respectively, we argue that if territorial and relational geographies are co-constitutive, there is a need (1) to conceptualize how this coming-together occurs in actually existing socio-spatial practices of bordering and identity formation and (2) to raise empirical questions on how these processes unfold in specific contexts. We regard social context and practice as the key bases for theorizing spatialities. Territories and the processes of bordering are contextual, historically contingent features that depend on the complex mix of central authority, territoriality and transnational processes. Similarly some forms of ‘border-crossings’ (tourism) are much more ‘frictionless’ than others (immigration, asylum seeking) but this does not mean that such frictionlessness is non-problematic in social terms. Thus, instead of taking territorial or relational views and related keywords (like flows or networks) as given normative conditions, this CoE will carefully study – in order to build new ground for generalizations – how these ‘geographies’ are realized in the current world. Through our analyses we are able to develop novel ways to account for the very conditions or bordering under which tensions related to transnationalization may emerge and escalate.

Today, borders are rarely conceptualized as separate socio-spatial entities, as things as such. Rather than permanent elements borders are more seen as historically contingent processes, institutions and symbols that are constituted in and constitutive of the perpetual production and reproduction of territories. Borders are seen as components of larger assemblages, particularly exclusionary aspects of those assemblages. In other words, borders are no longer conceived as separate from territorial processes, but as integral to them.

We argue that the co-constitution of territorial and relational spaces demands the reconceptualization of the concept of “border”. Research team members’ previous research has helped to challenge strictly territorial approaches and to advance alternative spatial imaginations. At issue are not the ‘edges’ themselves, or even the events and processes occurring in these contexts, but non-mobile and mobile social practices, discourses and performances where borders – as processes, sets of socio-cultural practices, symbols, institutions, and networks – are produced, reproduced and transcended.

Questions have also been raised as to who is bordering, and how, where, and why this occurs in certain ways. We have proposed tentatively an analytical distinction between various modalities of borders/bordering that are related to territorial-relational practices. One part of the project is to develop them further. We will use such conceptualizations as a background when developing detailed research questions and research themes and related projects. The inseparability of borders and territories does not imply that they should form fixed bounded entities, but rather they have to be conceptualized and analyzed as dispersed sets of power/social relations that are mobilized for various purposes in a world that is simultaneously territorial and relational.

Research themes

Research will be carried out through four interrelated themes that approach relational and territorial bordering from different angles. New PhD and Post doc researcher posts will be opened to each theme during autumn 2013.

Theme 1: Changing State Spaces

Team Leader: Prof. Sami Moisio
Team Members: Prof. Anssi Paasi, Prof. Jouni Häkli, Pia Bäcklund, Kaj Zimmerbauer, Juho Luukkonen, Kristiina Vihmalo, Fredriika Jakola

The central goal of the changing state spaces research group is to foster dialogue between critical political geography, political economy and policy studies.

The CoE theme has two major objectives. The first is to produce novel insight into state transformation through an analysis of state’s changing scalar relations. As Graham (2010: 89) has proposed, “states are becoming internationally organized systems geared towards trying to separate people and circulations deemed risky or malign from those deemed risk-free or worthy of protection”. This ‘separation’ occurs both inside and outside of state territorial borders and results in a blurring between international and urban/local borders. A study of the transformation of the state/region/city/local relations can therefore provide new ways to understand the bordering practices of the current world. The city/state relations have been fluctuating in front of the growing pressure to develop “competitive” and “globally oriented” city-regions. Even if growing “internationally oriented” city-regionalism and associated networking may represent growing strategic importance in state policies, we do not take the world of flows and networks as a given. Rather we are interested in analyzing the features of the “networked present” in actual processes of city-regionalism and seek to reveal political processes that are contextually embedded in such assumption.

The second objective is to focus on the “transnationalization of state spaces” that challenges the often taken-for-granted distinctions between the domestic and international, geopolitical and geoeconomic, and the territorial and the relational. This will be analyzed by looking at policy transfer processes and the associated knowledges, institutions and actors within which state spatial transformation actually occurs. Bringing the theorization on policy transfer and changing state spaces into a dialogue is, we argue, an important way to problematize and move beyond the relational-territorial divide. Policy transfer processes can also be examined in the context of supranational policy practices which ultimately influence on the reconstruction of state spaces through mixing of policies which are both territorial and relational.

Theme 2: Subjectification and Spatial Socialization

Team Leader: Prof. Jouni Häkli
Team Members: Prof. Anssi Paasi, Prof. Jarkko Saarinen, Kirsi Pauliina Kallio, Juha Ridanpää, Joni Vainikka, Elina Stenvall

Research in this theme has two major objectives. First, we aim at theoretical inroads into the social dynamism at play in the social practices that at once reproduce the national/transnational dualism (re-bordering) and work across such an abstract distinction (de-bordering). To render intelligible the intermingling of national and global practices we develop further field theoretical understanding of social relations forming beyond territorial societies. A key question is to what extent we can identify social practices independently of pre-given scalar ‘roles’ (such as national and global), and what forms of political agency and subjectivity will such practices entail? Second, we will analyze forms and practices of political socialization that transcend the national/global dichotomy. To gain new knowledge about contemporary processes of national socialization we study practices through which children and young people try out, transfer and expand their political agencies in various everyday spaces (home, school, mediated, virtual). We are particularly interested in various platforms for social interaction where children and the youth have a chance to act as political selves beyond any self-evident scalar setting. A key question is to what extent are spatial socialization and subject formation conditioned by local and national institutions, and what is the role of transnational social relations in the process?

Currently there are two new research projects envisioned in this theme. The first project, Children’s rights advocacy at the intersection of the national and the global will analyze the practices related to children’s rights advocacy with focus on the complex intermixing of national and transnational settings. In empirical terms the research is carried out through in-depth assessment of the agents, practices and processes involved in the drafting of country reports on the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), and their consideration in the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC).

The second project, (De)bordering the home: political socialisation in virtual communities will focus on the interaction of virtual gaming communities and the everyday spaces of home. Virtual communities form transnational platforms for social interaction where children and the youth have a chance to act as political selves. Home, instead, is a context where young people often need to conform to their conventional roles subject to adult authority. By analysing the co-constitution of transnational gaming societies and domestic contexts of political socialisation this subproject produces new knowledge about contemporary processes of soft bordering in the context of subject formation.

Theme 3: Border-crossings

Team Leader: Prof. Jarkko Saarinen.
Team Members: Prof. Jouni Häkli, Eeva-Kaisa Prokkola, Anna-Kaisa Kuusisto-Arponen, Eeva Rinne, Lenao Monkgogi, Jonathan Burrow

The major aim of theme three is to open new horizons in the study of border-crossings in the contexts of tourism and civil society. The research theme has two main objectives with specific, closely resonating research questions.  We will look at first, how are territorial spaces being rearticulated to address different forms of (global) mobilities, and secondly, how do border governance technologies (re)territorialize state power in relation to mobile bodies?  The first objective is, therefore, to re-think the relation between mobilities and border management in immigration and tourism, and second, to theorize how bordering processes make spatial subjects. In order to conceptualize the social construction of border-crossings and transnational tourism spaces and sites in the context of territorial-relational co-constitution, we study the nature and outcomes of host-guest encounters in local scale and local-global nexus.

Key questions are: what kind of social practices, governing and discourses are involved in bordering and host-guest encounters, what are the local socio-spatial outcomes of transnational tourism development and what is the role of state in defining the nature of encounters.  As part of these wider themes, we will study the production of transnational responsibility in and through tourism and charities/societies of friendship (transnationalism and border crossing from civil society). Humanitarian aid and pro-poor initiatives are understood to produce and being produced through the globally multi-scalar dynamics and relationship between governmental organizations (state, EU), civil society and corporate actors. From this angle, key questions are, what are the meanings of border crossing and voluntary friendship from the perspectives of individuals and their subjectivity, how border crossings and voluntary work create and define a transnational citizenship and identity, reduce prejudices and what is the role of state in defining the nature of transnational responsibilities of citizenship.

Theme 4: Policing of Global Borders and Networks

Team Leader: Prof. Anssi Paasi
Team Members: Prof. Sami Moisio, Prof. Jouni Häkli, Lauren Martin, Oliver Belcher, Sami Lind

Theme 4 analyzes how state and transnational actors attempt to manage the contradictions between territorial bordering practices and “global networks.”  Research under Theme 4 works in two directions. First, we will analyze material practices that produce the “networked borders”.  Second, we will analyze as a case study the rise of “network thinking” amongst military strategists and supranational border control agencies. Picking up on Theme 1’s effort to track new state spaces, these projects examine how network-based knowledge practices enable state security agencies to reconceptualize the relationship between borders and threat. As diverse social and ecological phenomena are increasingly understood as “complex adaptive systems,” security policy-makers are experimenting with relational conceptions of space, mobility, and processes. They do so, however, in order to shore up territorial borders. Through harmonization and third-country agreements, for example, European Union countries are seeking to both internalize immigration policing and externalize migration controls.  Theme 4 investigates how military and border policies are weaving together territorial and relational knowledge practices and formulating spatial strategies on the basis of these knowledge practices to produce new technical landscapes of management and social control.

The RELATE Centre of Excellence will recruit several PhD students and postdocs across the four research themes to produce, together with the wider team, cutting-edge empirical and theoretical findings on relational and territorial bordering practices.

In addition, we will hold a series of seminars, conferences, and workshops through which we will discuss preliminary work and engage with international scholars.

The RELATE project extends long-standing research conducted by team members.

More information:

• Space and Political Agency Research Group, University of Tampere
• Regional Development and Regional Policy, University of Oulu
• Regional and Political Geography, University of Oulu
• Tourism geographies, University of Oulu
• Photo gallery: Border landscapes (to be opened later)

Examples of publications of the RELATE team since 2010

• Ahlqvist, Toni & Moisio, Sami (2013). Neoliberalization in a Nordic state: From cartel polity towards a corporate polity. New Political Economy (forthcoming)
• Belcher, O (2012) The Best-Laid Schemes: Postcolonialism, Military Social Science, and the Making of US Counterinsurgency Doctrine, 1947–2009. Antipode 44, 258–263.
• O. Belcher. 2011. “The Occupied Palestinian Territories and Late-Modern Wars.” Human Geography 4(1): 1-11
• Bäcklund, Pia & Mäntysalo, Raine (2010). Agonism and institutional ambiguity: ideas on democracy and the role of participation in the development of planning theory and practice – the case of Finland. Planning Theory 9(4), 333–350.
• Chipfuva, T. & J. Saarinen (2011). Community-Based Natural Resource Management, Tourism and Local Participation: Institutions, Stakeholders and Management Issues in Northern Botswana, pp. 147-164. In van der Duim, R. D. Meyer, Saarinen, J. and K. Zellmer (eds). New Alliances for Tourism, Conservation and Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Eburon, Delft.
• Dittmer, Jason, Moisio, Sami, Ingram, Alan & Dodds, Klaus (2011). Have you heard the one about the disappearing ice? Recasting Arctic geopolitics. Political Geography 30, 202–214.
• Faehnle, Maija, Bäcklund, Pia & Tyrväinen, Liisa (2011) Looking for the role of nature experiences in planning and decision making: a perspective from the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy 7(1), 45-55.
• Hall, C.M. & J. Saarinen (2010). Geotourism and Climate Change: Paradoxes and Promises of Geotourism in Polar Regions. Téoros 29: 2, 77–86
• Hall, C.M. & J. Saarinen (2010). Polar Tourism: Definitions and Dimensions. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 10:4, 448–467.
• Hall, C.M. & J. Saarinen (2010). Last Chance to See? Future Issues for Polar Tourism and Change. In Hall, C.M & J Saarinen (eds) Tourism and Change in the Polar Regions: Climate, Environment and experiences. London: Routledge, 301-310.
• Hall, C.M. & J. Saarinen (2010). Tourism and Change in the Polar Regions: Introduction – Definitions, Locations, Places and Dimensions. In Hall, C.M & J Saarinen (eds) Tourism and Change in the Polar Regions: Climate, Environment and Experiences. London: Routledge, 1–41.
• Hambira, W. (2011). Screening for climate change vulnerability in Botswana's tourism sector in a bid to explore suitable adaptation measures and policy implications: a case study of the Okavango Delta. International Journal of Tourism Policy, 4(1), 51–65.
• Häkli, Jouni. (2011). Re-Demarcating Transnational Space: The Case of Haparanda-Tornio. Teoksessa Janczak Jaroslaw (ed.) De-Bordering, Re-Bordering and Symbols on the European Boundaries. Berlin: Logos Verlag, 21-36.
• Häkli, J. (2012). Boundary objects in border research: methodological reflections with examples from two European borderlands. In Martin Klatt, Marie Sandberg and Dorte Andersen (eds.). The Border Multiple: The Practicing of Borders between Public Policy and Everyday Life in a Re-scaling Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate, 163-178.
• Häkli, Jouni (2013). State space - outlining a field theoretical approach. Geopolitics (forthcoming).
• Häkli, Jouni & Kallio, Kirsi Pauliina (2013). Subject, action and polis: Theorizing political agency. Progress in Human Geography [forthcoming].
• Johnson, Corey, Jones, Reece, Paasi, Anssi, Amoore, Louise, Mountz, Alison, Salter, Mark, Rumford, Chris (2011) Interventions on Rethinking “the Border'” in Border Studies. Political Geography vol. 30, pp. 61-69
• Kaján, Eva (2012). An integrated methodological framework: engaging local communities in Arctic tourism development and community-based adaptation. Current Issues in Tourism, DOI:10.1080/13683500.2012.685704
• Kallio, Kirsi Pauliina & Häkli, Jouni (2011). Tracing children’s politics. Political Geography 30 (2), 99-109.
• Kallio, Kirsi Pauliina (2012) Political presence and politics of noise. Space and Polity 16(3) 287–302.
• Kangas, Anni (2013). Market civilization meets economic nationalism: The discourse of nation in Russian modernization. Nations and Nationalism. (forthcoming)
• Kangas, Anni (2013). Governmentalities of Big Moscow: Particularizing neoliberal statecraft. Geopolitics. (forthcoming)
• Kangas, Anni & Moisio, Sami (2012). Creating state competitiveness, re-scaling higher education: The case of Finland. In, Aalto, P., Harle, V. & Moisio, S. (eds.), Global and regional problems: Towards an interdisciplinary study, 199–224. Ashgate, Farnham.
• Kanninen, Vesa, Bäcklund, Pia & Mäntysalo, Raine (2012). Trading zone and the complexity on planning. In Balducci Alessandro & Mäntysalo Raine (eds). Urban Planning as a Trading Zone. Springer (in press)
• Korjonen-Kuusipuro, Kristiina & Kuusisto-Arponen, Anna-Kaisa (2012). Emotional silences: the rituals of remembering the Finnish Karelia. In Törnquist-Plewa, Barbara & Bernsand, Niklas (eds.) Painful Pasts and Useful Memories. Remembering and Forgetting In Europe. University of Lund Press, 109–126.
• Kuusisto-Arponen, Anna-Kaisa (2011). Transnational sense of place: Cinematic scenes of Finnish war child memories. The Journal of Aesthetics and Culture 3, 1–7.
• Kuusisto-Arponen, Anna-Kaisa (2011). The politics of identity and visuality: the case of Finnish war children. In Matteo Stocchetti & Karin Kukkonen (eds.) Images in Use: Towards the Critical Analysis of Visual Communication. Benjamins, Amsterdam, 181–198.
• Luukkonen, Juho (2011). The Europeanization of regional development: local strategies and European spatial visions in northern Finland. Geografiska Annaler B 93, 253–270.
• Luukkonen, Juho (2010). Territorial cohesion policy in the light of peripherality. Town Planning Review 81:4, 445-466.
• Luukkonen, Juho (2012) Making European space in spatial planning in northern Finland. Growth and Change: A Journal of Urban and Regional Policy 43, 392–418.
• Luukkonen, Juho & Moilanen, Helka (2012). Territoriality in the Strategies and Practices of the Territorial Cohesion Policy of the European Union: Territorial Challenges in Implementing “Soft Planning”. European Planning Studies 20: 3, 481–500.
• Martin, Lauren (2010). Bombs, bodies, and biopolitics: securitizing the subject at the airport security checkpoint. Social & Cultural Geography 11(1), 17-34.
• Martin, Lauren (2011). The geopolitics of vulnerability: children's legal subjectivity, immigrant family detention and US immigration law and enforcement policy. Gender, Place & Culture 18(4), 477-498.
• Martin, Lauren (2012). ‘Catch and Remove’: Detention, Deterrence, and Discipline in US Noncitizen Family Detention Practice. Geopolitics 17(2), 312-334.
• Moisio, Sami (2011). Beyond the domestic-international divide: State spatial transformation as neoliberal geopolitics. In, Aalto, P., Harle, V. & Moisio, S. (eds.), International Studies: Interdisciplinary perspectives, 149–177. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
• Moisio, Sami (2011). Geographies of Europeanization: The EU’s spatial planning as a politics of scale. In, Bialasiewicz, Luiza (ed.), Europe in the World: EU geopolitics and the transformation of European space, 19–40. Ashgate, Farnham.
• Moisio, S. (2013). Spatial pathways to success: communicating networks and proximities through state space in Finland. In, Christmann, G. (ed.), Towards a communicative construction of spaces. Routledge, London. (forthcoming)
• Moisio, Sami (2013). The state. In, Dodds, K., Kuus, M. & Sharp, J. (eds.), The Ashgate research companion to critical geopolitics. Ashgate, Farnham. (forthcoming)
• Moisio, Sami, Bachmann, Veit, Bialasiewicz, Luiza, dell’Agnese, Elena, Dittmer, Jason and Mamadouh, Virginie (2013/2014). Mapping the political geographies of Europeanization: National discourses, external perceptions and the question of popular culture. Progress in Human Geography. (forthcoming)
• Moisio, Sami and Anssi Paasi (2013). Beyond state-centricity: geopolitics and changing state spaces. Geopolitics (forthcoming)
• Moisio, Sami and Anssi Paasi (2013). From geopolitical to geoeconomic? The changing political rationalities of state space. Geopolitics (forthcoming)
• Paasi, Anssi: The Region, Identity, and Power. Procedia in Social and Behavioral Sciences vol. 14 (2011), 9-16.
• Paasi, Anssi: Regions are social constructs, but ‘who’ or ‘what’ constructs them? Agency in question. Environment and Planning A vol. 42 (2010), pp. 2296 – 2301
• Bauder, Harald, Bernd Belina, David Butz, Ze’ev Gedalof, Arnould Lagendijk, Pierpaolo Mudu, Anssi Paasi, Nadine Schuurman, David Wilson: Critical practice of grant application and administration: an intervention. ACME: An International E-journal for Critical Geographies vol. 9:1 (2010), pp. 102-112.
• Paasi, Anssi: Re-visiting the region and regional identity: theoretical reflections with empirical illustrations. In Barndon, Randi, Øye, Ingvild and Asbjørn Engevik jr. (eds). The Archaeology of Regional Technologies. London: The Edwin Mellen Press (2010). pp. 15-33
• Paasi, Anssi (2011). A “Border theory”: an unattainable dream or a realistic aim for border scholars? In Wastl-Walter, Doris (editor) A Research Companion to Border Studies. Aldershot: Ashgate 2011. pp. 11-31.
• Paasi, Anssi (2011). From region to space, part II. In Agnew John A. and James S Duncan (eds.) The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Human Geography. Oxford: Blackwell (2011). pp. 161-175.
• Paasi, Anssi (2011). Geography, space and the re-emergence of topological thinking. Dialogues in Geography. Vol. 2:3 (2011), pp. 299-303
• Paasi, Anssi (2011). The Region, Identity, and Power. Procedia in Social and Behavioral Sciences vol. 14, 9-16.
• Paasi Anssi & Kaj Zimmerbauer (2011). Theory and practice of the region: a contextual analysis of the transformation of Finnish regions. Treballs de la Societat Catalana de Geografia vol. 71-72 (2011), pp. 163-178.
• Paasi. Anssi (2012) Border studies re-animated: going beyond the relational/territorial divide. Environment and Planning A 44:10, pp. 2303-2309
• Paasi, Anssi. (2012). Regional identities. In H. Anheier, & M. Juergensmeyer (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Global Studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781452218557.n451, pp. 1454-1457.
• Paasi, Anssi (2012) Borders. In Ritzer, Georg (editor) The Blackwell Encyclopedia on Globalization, vol. I. Oxford: Blackwell-Wiley, pp. 125-126.
• Paasi, Anssi (2013): Borders and border crossings. In Johnson, Nuala, Schein, Richard and Jamie Winders (editors): A New Companion to Cultural Geography. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Paasi, Anssi (2013): Borders. In Dodds, Klaus, Kuus Merje & Joanne Sharp (editors). Ashgate Companion to Critical Geopolitics. London: Ashgate).
• Paasi, Anssi (2013): Regional planning and the mobilization of ‘regional identity’: from bounded spaces to relational complexity. Regional Studies (forthcoming), iFirst article 2012, dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2012.661410
• Paasi, Anssi and Jones, Martin (2013) Regional world(s): Advancing the geography of regions Regional Studies 47 (1), pp. 1-5 (2013)
• Lee, Roger, Castree, Noel, Kitchin, Rob, Lawson, Victoria, Paasi, Anssi, Philo, Christopher, Radcliffe, Sarah, Roberts, Sue and Charles WJ Withers (editors) The Sage Handbook of Progress in Human Geography volumes I-II. Sage, London (forthcoming 2014)
• Prokkola, Eeva-Kaisa (2011). Regionalization, Tourism Development and Partnership: The European Union's North Calotte Sub-programme of INTERREG III A North. Tourism Geographies 13 (4), 507-530.
• Prokkola Eeva-Kaisa (2011). Cross-border regionalization, the INTERREG III A initiative, and local cooperation at the Finnish – Swedish border. Environment and Planning A 43(5), 1190-1208.
• Prokkola, Eeva-Kaisa, Kaj Zimmerbauer and Fredriika Jakola (2012) Performances of regional identity in the implementation of European cross-border initiatives. European Urban and Regional Studies, doi: 10.1177/0969776412465629
• Prokkola, Eeva-Kaisa (2012) Technologies of Border Management: Performances and Calculation of Finnish/Schengen Border Security. Geopolitics, DOI:10.1080/14650045.2012.685791
• Prokkola, Eeva-Kaisa (2013) Neoliberalizing Border Management in Finland and Schengen. Antipode (forthcoming)
• Prokkola Eeva-Kaisa & Juha Ridanpää (2011). Following the plot of Bengt Pohjanen’s Meänmaa: Narrativization as a process of creating regional identity. Social & Cultural Geography 12: 7, 775-791
• Juha Ridanpää (2010). A Masculinist Northern Wilderness and the Emancipatory Potential of Literary Irony. Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 17: 3, 319-335.
• Juha Ridanpää (2010). Metafictive Geography. Culture, Theory and Critique 51: 1, 47-63.
• Juha Ridanpää (2011). Pajala as a literary place: in the readings and footsteps of Mikael Niemi. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 9: 2, 104-118.
• Juha Ridanpää (2012). The Media and the Irony of Politically Serious Situations: Consequences of the Muhammed Cartoons in Finland. Media, Culture & Society. 34: 2, 131-145.
• Juha Ridanpää (2013). Geography and Literature. In Barney Warf (ed.): Oxford Bibliographies in Geography. Oxford University Press: New York.
• Rogerson, C., Saarinen, J. & H. Manwa (2013). Beyond 2015 – Rethinking the Nexus of Tourism and Poverty Reduction. In Saarinen, J., Rogerson, C. & H. Manwa (eds). Tourism and Millennium Development Goals: Tourism, Local Communities and Development, pp. 225-235. London: Routledge.
• Saarinen, J (2010). Local tourism awareness: community views on tourism and its impacts in Katutura and King Nehale Conservancy, Namibia. Development Southern Africa 27:5, 713–724.
• Saarinen, J & K. Tervo (2010). Sustainability and Emerging Awareness to Changing Climate: Tourism Industry’s Knowledge and Perceptions of the Future of Nature-based Winter Tourism in Finland. In Hall, C.M & J Saarinen (eds) Tourism and Change in the Polar Regions: Climate, Environment and Experiences. London: Routledge, 147–164.
• Saarinen, J (2011). Tourism, indigenous people and the challenge of development: the representations of Ovahimbas in tourism promotion and community perceptions towards tourism. Tourism Analysis 16:1, 31-42.
• Saarinen, J., W. Hambira, J. Atlhopheng and H. Manwa (2012) Perceived impacts and adaptation strategies of the tourism industry to climate change in Kgalagadi South District, Botswana. Development Southern Africa 29:2, 273–285.
• Saarinen, J., Hambira, W.L, Atlhopheng, J. and H. Manwa (2013). Tourism and Climate Change in Southern Africa: Perceived impacts and adaptation strategies of the tourism industry to changing climate and environment in Botswana, pp. 243-256. In Reddy, V. and K. Wilkes (eds) Tourism, Climate Change and Sustainability. Routledge, London.
• Saarinen, J. (2013) ‘Tourism into the wild’: The limits of tourism in wilderness. In Holden, A. & D. Fennell (eds). The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and the Environment pp. 145-154. London, Routledge,.
• Saarinen, Jarkko, Rogerson, Chris and Haretsebe Manwa (2013). Tourism, Poverty Reduction and the Millennium Development Goals: Perspectives and Debates. In Saarinen, J., Rogerson, C. & H. Manwa (eds). Tourism and Millennium Development Goals: Tourism, Local Communities and Development, pp. 1-12. London: Routledge.
• Saarinen, J. (2013). Nordic Tourism Geographies: From Regional Analysis to Diversity in Research. In Wilson, J. & S. Anton (eds) European Tourism Geographies. Emerald, Bingley (forthcoming)
• Saarinen, Jarkko (2012). Tourism Development and Local Communities: The Direct Benefits of Tourism to OvaHimba Communities in the Kaokoland, North-West Namibia. Tourism Review International 15: 1–2, 149-157.
• Saarinen, Jarkko, Rogerson, Chris and Haretsebe Manwa (2013). Tourism, Poverty Reduction and the Millennium Development Goals: Perspectives and Debates. In
• Saarinen, J., Rogerson, C. & H. Manwa (eds). Tourism and Millennium Development Goals: Tourism, Local Communities and Development, pp. 1-12. London: Routledge.
• Saarinen, J. & C.M. Rogerson (2013) Tourism and the Millennium Development Goals: Perspectives Beyond 2015. Tourism Geographies (forthcoming).
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